Overview VCA (Voltage Controlled Oscillator) controls the amplitude/volume of the tone. It’s not just the velocity of the note, but it changes the volume time to time, to simulate the actual musical instruments. To make this happen, EG (Envelope Generator) is also used. …

Overview In this section, I’ll explain the design of the VCO (Voltage Controlled Oscillator) in synthesizer hardware. VCO basically is a wave generator. Overview of the synthesizer hardware is explained below. Digital Synthesizer Hardware Design Wave generation Figure 2 shows various wave types which can be generated by this VCO.

Summary In this section, the focus will be on hardware design specifically on digital musical synthesizer. Overview

In this section, both hardware and software implementation of Zedboard digital musical synthesizer will be explained. Each chapter (“Hardware Designing” and “Software Designing”) will have links to design overview, and details of each component design. In this article, what are already existing, and what are newly added will be explained…

Summary Digital hardware are composed of 2 different kinds of components; Combinational Logic State machine State machine is quite important to make complicated hardware like multiplier, divider, control logic of the processor (CPU), and so on. …

Summary Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is one of important techniques for digital hardware designing. This is useful to reduce the area and resource usage in a circuit. Overview TDM is used to reduce the size of the circuit. Figure 1 shows the overview of TDM. Suppose, input A — D, and output…

Summary In this section, how digital divider calculates quotient and remainder will be explained. Also, how this can be implemented on FPGA will be shown with some experimental results. Binary division Figure 1 shows the decimal division calculation. How decimal division works is like below. Compare each digit of dividend with divisor, and…

Summary I needed to design 32-bit multiplier for another personal project. So I googled and did some experiments with multipliers on FPGA (Zedboard). I’ll show the results of my experiments. Binary multiplication overview Figure 1 shows decimal and binary product calculation. First example is calculation in decimal (1234 X 5678). …

Summary In this chapter, I’ll explain how the computer hardware is calculating “a - b”. To understand how subtractor works, binary adder has to be understood. This is explained in the past article. How the computer calculates “a + b” Decimal subtraction In the computer hardware, subtraction is calculated differently. …